Comparison of Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants and Cat In The Rai

Correlation of Hemingway's Slopes Like White Elephants and Feline In The Rain Feline In The Rain is set in an Italian lodging where we meet an American couple. Outside a feline is caught in the downpour, and the spouse needs to spare it. At the point when she goes to get it, it is gone yet the servant later brings her one. The perspective in the story is a third individual storyteller, however the point of view changes going from the spouse to the husband and an target storyteller who comes clean. The story is told reflectively in the past tense. The storyteller is omniscient - that is 'he' realizes everything except makes a decision about nothing. On the main page it appears it is the server unbiasedly mentioning to us what is happening though the second page is told by the spouse and the last passages of the third and fourth [and last] page in our story is advised to us by George (the spouse). In his structure of Feline In The Rain, Hemingway liberates the story from story understanding and surrenders it over to us, his perusers, to decipher what is happening. The story appears to be abnormally vague in its story nature. This is evidently because of the target portrayal furthermore, the no-making a decision about disposition in it's style. The individuals we meet in this story are the couple (George and the anonymous spouse), the padrone, the server, the house cleaner and the downpour coat man. We are not provided with any data about the server (who shows up on the main page and appears to voice the initial segment of the story), nor are we provided with data on the downpour coat man. The padrone is mindful and is by all accounts everything her better half isn't. Setting the couple facing each other uncovers something very intriguing and gives us the feeling that they are all out contrary energies. The spouse represents natu... ... anonymous and the man in Slopes is anonymous. I think the couples in the two stories are indeed the very same couple. Again the two stories are about having somebody to think about - in Feline she needs to have an infant, and in Slopes I ponder to work out. Dance is pregnant, in any case, the man (George?) doesn't appear at all energized and requests with her in this story to have a premature birth. He advises her it's a basic activity yet that she ought not do it in the event that she wouldn't like to. It isn't difficult to see that she wants to have the infant, and in the event that you accept the two ladies are really the equivalent, you can without a doubt comprehend why she needs her since quite a while ago wanted wish to work out as expected. The topics in the two stories are additionally near being the equivalent - the absence of adoration and the absence of correspondence. So - are the two stories a 'developmental story' about a couple? I don't question it.

Nationalized Models and Country Comparison Essay

Looking at human services framework can be an advantageous instrument when making changes to a current framework. At the point when two nations utilize various essentials in their medicinal services frameworks, taking a gander at the similitudes and contrasts takes into consideration correlation and change in a present framework. Gathering this information and contrasting it gives nations the open door with make changes and actualize new techniques to better their current human services frameworks. The United States medicinal services is prevalently included private human services suppliers which are paid for by residents paying for private clinical protection. There is some enhanced protection accessible for poor and impaired residents who are financed by the national government however accessible through the various states. The senior residents have a governmentally supported human services alluded to as Medicare, which is financed by cash gathered from laborers all through their professions. Germany has one the most established national wellbeing plans in Europe. The arrangement is for all resident of Germany to have medical coverage. It is required for the laborers to pay a level of their salary into the national arrangement. The pace of premiums is then founded on a person’s level of salary. The national arrangement at that point permits higher workers to quit this arrangement and pay for private protection. The United States battles with the significant expense of medicinal services and being able to keep on giving essential inclusion through Medicare and Medicaid. The German arrangement has made medical coverage for its whole resident with an overflow of more than 5 billion dollars (Miriam Widman, 2011). The arrangement is savvy for the German framework. The United States is attempting to clarify how they will pay for the social insurance plan they have and the part they need to include. The issue begins with just about 45 million uninsured Americans (Arthur Garson Jr, MD, MPH, 2012). The wellbeing framework set up for the German framework has all resident protected. This is exorbitant for Americans and the human services spending plan. Execution of another human services framework in the United States is and has been an issue. The private division is principally the principle wellspring of protection inclusion for Americans. It has been proposed a wide range of times or the US to go to a National program, and for the most part not bolstered. The fundamental contention is this would make communism in the United States and remove our opportunities. The Germans don't see it along these lines, â€Å"You (in the U. S. ) have chances yet you likewise have opportunities†¦. be that as it may, for us it’s clear. Wellbeing is a hazard that can't be put on the shoulders of the person. † (Ann Marini). The Obama Health Care Act appears to address a large number of the issues that face Americans, yet it appears to have a ton of resistance. The German National Health Care plan has support from the two gatherings (Miriam Widman, 2011). It is conceivable the new designs for the US will keep on pushing ahead in 2014, and have any kind of effect for the uninsured Americans. The German arrangement appears to work with an excess of assets to back it up. Both of these frameworks have great and awful parts to them. It appears that Americans are worried about the possibility that that decisions will be restricted with change from the for the most part private framework that is set up now. Contrasting other framework makes sense with make changes on the framework set up. The objective is to have the best human services at moderate costs for all the residents of the two nations.

Negative Reinforcement and Operant Conditioning

Negative Reinforcement and Operant Conditioning Theories Behavioral Psychology Print How Negative Reinforcement Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 13, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 17, 2019 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Negative reinforcement is a term described by B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. In negative reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus.?? Aversive stimuli tend to involve some type of discomfort, either physical or psychological. Behaviors are negatively reinforced when they allow you to escape from aversive stimuli that are already present or allow you to completely avoid the aversive stimuli before they happen. Deciding to take an antacid before you indulge in a spicy meal is an example of negative reinforcement. You engage in an action in order to avoid a negative result. One of the best ways to remember negative reinforcement is to think of it as something being subtracted from the situation. When you look at it in this way, it may be easier to identify examples of negative reinforcement in the real-world. Verywell / Jessica Olah Examples of Negative Reinforcement Learn more by looking at the following examples: Before heading out for a day at the beach, you slather on sunscreen (the behavior) to avoid getting sunburned (removal of the aversive stimulus).You decide to clean up your mess in the kitchen (the behavior) to avoid getting into a fight with your roommate (removal of the aversive stimulus).On Monday morning, you leave the house early (the behavior) to avoid getting stuck in traffic and being late for work  (removal of an aversive stimulus).At dinner time, a child pouts and refuses to each the vegetables on her plate. Her parents quickly take the offending veggies away. Since the behavior (pouting) led to the removal of the aversive stimulus (the veggies), this is an example of negative reinforcement. Can you identify the negative reinforcer in each of these examples? Sunburn, a fight with your roommate and being late for work are all negative outcomes that were avoided by performing a specific behavior. By eliminating these undesirable outcomes, the preventative behaviors become more likely to occur again in the future. Negative Reinforcement vs.  Punishment One mistake that people often make is confusing negative reinforcement with punishment. Remember, however, that negative reinforcement involves the removal of a negative condition to strengthen a behavior. Punishment, on the other hand, involves either presenting or taking away a stimulus to weaken a behavior. Consider the following example and determine whether you think it is an example of negative reinforcement or punishment: Timmy is supposed to clean his room every Saturday morning. Last weekend, he went out to play with his friend without cleaning his room. As a result, his father made him spend the rest of the weekend doing other chores like cleaning out the garage, mowing the lawn, and weeding the garden, in addition to cleaning his room. If you said that this was an example of punishment, then you are correct. Because Timmy didnt clean his room, his father punished him by having to do extra chores. If you are trying to distinguish between negative reinforcement or punishment, consider whether something is being added or taken away from a situation. If something is being added or applied as a consequence of a behavior, then it is an example of punishment. If something is being removed in order to avoid or relieve an unwanted outcome, then it is an example of negative reinforcement in action.   When Is Negative Reinforcement Most Effective? Negative reinforcement can be an effective way to strengthen the desired behavior. However, it is most effective when reinforcers are presented immediately following a behavior. When a long period elapses between the behavior and the reinforcer, the response is likely to be weaker. In some cases, behaviors that occur in the intervening time between the initial action and the reinforcer are may also be inadvertently strengthened as well. Some experts believe that negative reinforcement should be used sparingly in classroom settings, while positive reinforcement should be emphasized.?? While negative reinforcement can produce immediate results, it may be best suited for short-term use. The type of reinforcement used is important, but the frequency and schedule used also plays a major role in the strength of the response. The schedule of reinforcement that is used can have an important impact not only how quickly a behavior is learned, but also on the strength of the response.??

Social Security And Economic Security - 1582 Words

In 18 years, Social Security benefits could drop so that millions will not have the money to survive. On the other hand, it could not exist entirely. Social Security funds are sinking due to its history, its inability to obtain funds, and the retirement of the Baby Boomer generation. To make a truly accurate evaluation of Social Security one must look at the past, present, and future of the program which is depicted in the following paragraphs through the program’s history, its costs, and finally possible solutions to improve the program. History The idea for Social Security began when the Great Depression was at a climax, leaving retirees in intense poverty. One of the ways that President Roosevelt helped to combat this great poverty is†¦show more content†¦This allowed for the program to acquire funds that could be used if spending on benefits exceeded the income from taxes. Instead of being used as benefits, these funds were used to subsidize other government programs. In their place stands United States treasury bonds. According to Dr. Allen W. Smith, a professor of Economics at Eastern Illinois University, â€Å"Instead of this being a proud day for America, April 20, 1983, has become a day of shame (Smith).† Costs Currently, there are many concerns over the continued solvency of Social Security. Moreover, in 2009, when the output of funds exceeded the income, Social Security began â€Å"running in the red.† Owing to the fact that the worker-to-retiree ratio reduced to 2.8 workers per every retiree, over five times less than the 1950 ratio of 16 workers for every retiree. The change was a result of the retirement of the Baby Boomer generation (Wiley). Today, 14 percent of the population is age 65 and over, which is expected to increase to 23 percent by 2080. Likewise, the working population is 60 percent today, yet is estimated to be 54 percent in 2080 (Reznik). The result of this depleting fund is an estimated Social Security â€Å"death† by 2033. After 2033 only 77 percent of those benefits will not be solvent (Greszler). This is a huge fright to the 20 percent of current recipients that depend on Social Security for all

Poverty And The Hunger Of Venezuela - 915 Words

Poverty and Hunger Venezuela is not facing a famine, but improvements in poverty and nutrition were achieved between 2003 and 2012 have been almost completely worn, and well-being of the population is deteriorating dramatically. Even amid the apparent abundance a few years ago, studies by the National Institute of Nutrition and UNICEF revealed disturbing evidence of chronic malnutrition. The government s decision to hide the real situation by refusing to publish statistics per- continents will make the crisis much more difficult to handle. In the second half of 2013, according to the INE, 22.3 % of Venezuelans lived in poverty, and other 9.8 in extreme poverty. While there have been no published figures for 2014 Vice President Jorge Arreaza announced at the annual conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that extreme poverty had declined by 5.4%, a figure that contradicts the findings of several recent independent studies. Noting the deterioration of all relevant indicators (including inflation, food shortages, unemployment, budget cuts and health coverage), the human rights organization Provide estimated that by the end of 2015 will have the same number of poor people in the 2000 (almost eleven million). This calculation was based on a study (LSMS) conducted in 2014 by three major universities, which indicated that 48.4% of households were living in poverty. The authors warned that up to a third of them had fallen into poverty situation recently and that,Show MoreRelatedThe Long And Ongoing Crisis Of Venezuela854 Words   |  4 PagesThe long and ongoing crisis in Venezuela has been one of the most tragic examples of government instability in recent history. It began when former socialist leader Hugo Chavez was elected president after leading two failed coup attempts acted out by the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (formerly the Fifth Republic Movement), his service as president spanning from 1999 to his death in 2013. He was succeeded by Nicolà ¡s Maduro, who took office in a rigged election and who many Venezuelans and academicsRead MorePolitical and Social Turmoil in Venezuela1475 Words   |  6 PagesVenezuela officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is a country on the northern coast of South America. It is known widely for its petroleum industry but it is now its roughest situations of all times. Milton Friedman once said that, if you put the government in charge of the Sahara desert, there’ll eventually be a shortage of sand. No wonder that, after 14 years of socialist government, Venezuela the country with the world’s largest oil reserves is currently importing gasoline. ThisRead MoreHugo Chavez and Venezuela Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesVenezuela’s political prospects changed in 1999 when Hugo Chavez became president. Starting his presidency, Chavez created a new constitution for Venezuela, and the country’s name was changed to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Since then, the country had a total change as it underwent a system of socialism, as the oil company and many other private businesses were nationalized. In this socialist system, revenues generated from the oil industry were invested in social programs to helpRead MoreWhy Venezuela Is A Federal Republic With A Presidential System2383 Words   |  10 PagesA country known for the Angel Falls (highest waterfall in the world), the exquisite arepas (corn cakes with cheese) and the legendarily Miss Universe titleholders; the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is located in northern South America.   Regardless from the artistic landscapes, Venezuela is acknowledged for its vital oil reservoirs, its everlasting admiration of Simon Bolivar and its prominent watermark of Chavismo. Moreover, the country’s bureaucratic history has been influenced by Spanish colonialismRead MoreEssay on Latin American Veins are Still Open and Wounded1584 Words   |  7 PagesLatin America is the book to remember. Uruguayan author Eduardo Galeano is responsible for the creation of this relevant and controversial masterpiece, which follows the history of Latin America and the Caribbean through centuries of struggle again st poverty and those imperial powers who abused of Latin American resources and created inequality. With a leftist political point of view, magic realism and historical events, Galeano epitomizes a Latin America craving redemption and progress. He illustratesRead MoreLand Rights And Property Rights1006 Words   |  5 Pages(Howard-Hassmann, R. E. 2013). In Zimbabwe and Venezuela, the citizens would benefit from owning property to meet the basic economic human rights to adequate food and freedom from hunger. Having the right to own property is crucial to the economic development necessary to ensure that human beings can supply themselves with food and otherwise support themselves. (2013). Even in the early medieval Christianity it was believed to have the relief from poverty, the concept of owning property is a basic prerequisiteRead MoreSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( Snap )1969 Words   |  8 Pagesin coordination with State agencies and other organizations such as State agencies, faith based organizations and educators. In addition, SNAP provides a variety of parallel benefits to society regarding its economy. The goal of SNAP is to reduce hunger of families and individuals who qualify by facilitating their food purchases (United States Department of Agriculture, 2014) . The program works by providing to lowRead MoreSex Trafficking : The Exploitation Of Women And Children1370 Words   |  6 PagesAlgeria, Central African Republic Congo, Democratic Rep. Of Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, Korea, North, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia*, Mauritania, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand*, Uzbekistan, Venezuela*,Yemen, Zimbabwe, * Auto downgrade from Tier 2 Watch List. Also a Special case is Somalia (Tier Placements). The Middle East has a big problem with human trafficking. In the Middle East traffickers target all men, women, and children. Both sourceRead MoreEssay on History of the Prison System3187 Words   |  13 Pages Politically connected terrorists are spared Perus rough treatment. In 1994, a death squad connected to the military was convicted of murdering nine university students. They went to a comfortable jail for a short sentence. In Venezuela Vagrants Laws were designed to keep undesirables off the streets. Police can arrest anyone whose behavior is considered criminal suspect. According to human-rights activists, street people, often mentally ill or alcoholic, are the traditionalRead MoreEnd Of Conventional Oil As A Fuel Source1771 Words   |  8 Pagesremaining. Oil producing and exporting countries such as Middle East countries, Russia, Venezuela, and Nigeria among others in the OPEC organization are heavily dependent on oil for revenue. These countries would like to maintain their market share therefore use tactics such as over-production as witnessed by Saudi Arabia in recent times. Rising cost of living, rising unemployment, increased recession, poverty, increase in conflict, and drop in stock market prices are some of the adverse effects of

Externalities in Business Free Essays

Definition of externalities: Externalities recently became an important and a popular term in the business world, especially with the risen of debates and arguments about the externalities’ costs and benefits, and the ethical issues related to it. Almost everybody deals with an externality everyday but without being aware of it (kaydee, 2008). The simple definition of says that Externality is the effect of an economic transaction which impacts somebody who was not involved in that transaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Externalities in Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now The more complicated definition sates that Externalities can be defined as the different types of effects which impact some parties (individual or entities) as a consequence of other parties’ activities. These effects occur without any choice of the affected party and without taking their interest into account by the affecting party (kaydee, 2008). When any economic trade occurs between two parties, they both benefit from the trade. Sometimes, a third party is being affected as well by this trade, the effect can be a negative effect or a positive one; and these effects are what we call externalities (Anon. nd). For example, if we take any business organization as one party and the customer is the other party, they both have the trade of the organization sells or provide goods or services, and the customer pays to obtain this good or service. However, the society as a whole could be considered as a third party, any external costs the society pays or any external benefits it gai ns from this trade (costs and benefits not included in the market price of the goods or services) are then considered to be an externality. By breaking down this example, the business organization or the customer can be considered to be the affecting party, the society, the third party, is thus will be the affected party, the external costs and benefits are the externalities (Anon. , nd). Types of externalities: There are two types of externalities, the positive type and negative type. The external benefits are always considered to be positive externalities, these benefits affect the outsiders in a positive way, give some advantages and without any payment required. The external costs are considered as negative externalities, these costs affect the outsider negatively, impact them in disadvantageous way, and the outsiders are forced pay these costs without any choice (Jonson, n. d. ). There are lots of examples to clarify each of the two types. The negative externality which is some analysts call it as external costs and some other call it as external diseconomies can be seen in the global warming which is considered to be number one negative externality; the change in the climate came as a result from the emissions of burning the oil, coal and gas. The water pollution as a result of adding poisons to the water or the several contaminated chemicals which are dumped by industrial plants in lands or lakes participates in harming the people, plants and animals. The over fishing which comes as a consequence from the over harvesting of a fishing company harms other fishing companies harvesting in the same ocean. The company trucks using a road may create congestion or traffic jam which impacts negatively other road users. In the animal production, the industrial farms which generate huge outputs of animal products generates a negative externalities in the form of increasing the antibiotic resistant bacteria, contamination of rivers and waters by the disposal of the animal waste. These farms as well result in another externality of the animal welfare reduction due to the close quarters where the animals are kept. The problems which may be caused by the nuclear plants when storing the nuclear waste in impropriate way, and the radioactive waste which is generated thorough the energy production of the nuclear power plants may affect the current and new generations. The external cost of health decline which is a consequence of smoking, the external cost in the form of car accidents due the consumption of alcohol by drinkers which may lead to pedestrians killing or injure, are all considered as negative externality. All the previous negative externalities examples harm the environment and the inhabitants. The environment, the people, plants and animals are the parties which are affected negatively without any choice from their side and without taking their interests into consideration by the externality generator (Shaprio, Khemani, 2003; Anon. , nd). There are many examples also to be mentioned to describe the positive externality. When someone buys a certain product, it would increase the product value to other people who already have this product, the increase of the value is considered to be an external benefit for these people, this type of positive externality sometimes called the network externality or the network effect. When an invention is discovered or information is made more accessible, then other people will externally benefit from using this invention or the information. The education also gives a positive externality to the whole society, the more are the educated people in the society the more the whole society better off even people who are not educated as the rate of crime will decline which means more safety. Another example of positive externalities is when a foreign company opens a new branch in another country, although the deal is between the foreign organization and the country, and although they both benefit financially from this deal, but as well people will benefit by having opportunities for jobs, salaries and kind of secure life, this extra benefit for the people is considered to be positive externality. Also, when people buy a specific type of a commodity, the demand on these commodity increases, which as well increase the work chances for distributors, or when people buy a car model, then the demand for mechanics of this certain car model increases. Construction as well may give positive externality, when roads and bridges are built and opened; it may give a chance of opening new areas for housing and establishing business entities (Shaprio, Khemani, 2003; Anon. , nd; Anon. , 2007). Externalities and the ethical theories: Generally, externalities are always a term which creates a situation of social injustice, its existence generates socially unbalanced outcomes, regarding the fact that a party may gain external benefits without paying any type of costs, or a party who may suffer from and forced to pay external costs without any choice (Anon. , nd). The question about ethics in all cases of the externalities moves around the universal ethics. The universal ethics are defined as a system of ethics that can apply to every human being. The externality then, with its both types, the positive one and the negative, may lead to a violation of the ethics. If we analyze the negative externality example we mentioned of the radioactive pollution, as such an externality will contain external costs, people who will be affected by the negative outcomes, will consider the harm they will be exposed to as explicit costs which they did not put into account before. The harm could be in the shape of lung and body diseases, and the extra payment for medical checks and medicines. As the radioactive company serves the people by providing utilities, people will see the harm generated by the same company – the negative externality- as a reduction of the utility. The negative externality here then raises an ethical problem as it is simply considered as a violation of ethics as harming others (Anon. , nd). Regarding the positive externalities, it again raises an ethical issue by violating the universal ethics as the positive externalities type is always connected to the term which is called â€Å"free riding†. To explain how positive externality violates the ethics, let us refer to our example of education, when the society as a whole and as a third party, benefits from the education process in the form of being an educated, productive and well being society. Everyone then in the society will benefit, even people who were not educated will benefit without paying any cost. For such people, who will benefit from the educated, productive and well being society they are living in, it is considered external benefits as they did not pay for education, but on the contrary, they are free riding on the cost of others who had to go through and pay for the education process. Another example is the society health care, when people go and obtain the vaccination, the society will be protected from the transmitted diseases by its vaccinated members, but the people who did not receive the vaccination will still be protected from the diseases and will benefit from the healthy and protected society, actually they are free riding on the costs of the other members of the society. The free riding problem- the positive externality- is considered to be against the ethics and raise an ethical issue of benefiting from the borne of others (Anon. , nd). Also externalities raise an ethical issue due to the problem that the value or equivalent of any externality is difficult to be determined, most of the externalities are hidden, negative externalities are hidden by the traders, and positive externalities are hidden by the third parties benefit from it, which considered cheating, and breach the simple ethical rule â€Å"do not cheat† (kaydee, 2008). With the nowadays absence of ethics, the behavior changed negatively in a dramatic way, People do not think anymore about the externality which they going to create once any product they buy reach the expiry date. Companies do not think about the consequences of their waste disposal of the manufacturing operations. Injustice is considered to be a violation of ethics, when a third party is negatively affected by a transaction which is out of his or her control, there is then a case of injustice. Similar, when someone is affected positively by a transaction which is out of his or her control and he or she does not pay for this benefit, again the injustice takes place (kaydee, 2008). Some analysts have different opinion; some will argue that there is no ethical issue about externalities, meaning that there is nothing to do with wrongdoing. The supporters of this opinion say that most of the businesses are trying to achieve the purpose of their existence; they try to achieve their target whatever it is, making profit, providing goods and services, and keeping the employees employed. The conflict of interests between the businesses’ activities and the different parties around does not mean that businesses are doing anything wrong (MacDonald, 2007). Corporations actually should work under some certain core concepts which most of the time create kind of ethical dilemmas, these concepts are the business ethics rules which each business should respect and follow. But it is clear that these concepts are not strictly followed by business leaders, most of corporations do not pay much attention to business ethics and lots of businesses do not pay attention to the ethical implications of the externalities and its damage of the environment. As it is said: In business, it’s easy to talk about ethics, but it’s damn hard to be ethical. If we look back in time, historically two important ethical philosophies were created, the Western Ethical Philosophy and the Eastern Ethical Philosophy. Generally, philosophers came up with a number of ethical principles that control and guide business activities, these principles can be considered as ethical standards which always get codified into laws. One of the most important and well known ethical systems in the western ethical philosophies was the Hippocratic Oath, these principles was created by the Greek physician Hippocrates, and they are still used today, these principles in total generally direct people to the concept of â€Å"Do no harm. † The eastern example is the karma which adopts the concept of cause and effect, what are the negative and positive results of any conduct. This ethical system simply says that if you harm others, then the harm will eventually return to you; according to that, if the business creates good consequences then this good will return back to the business, and if the business does harm others, then the harm will also return and harm the business (Johannsen, n. d. ). So, both philosophies and some other philosophies not mentioned in this paper, raise the ethical issue of harming others, which is related to the externalities consequences, as one of the five core business concepts from the perspective of the harm and the negative effects that businesses generate. Worth to mention that the five core business concepts from the view of causing harm are: Shareholder Wealth, Profit Maximization, Fiduciary Responsibility, Return on Investment (ROI), and Externalities (Johannsen, n. d. ). In any business, all the accounting figures including profits and costs are always shown on the financial statements, but in the case of the externalities (which some financial analysts call it financial liabilities) the financial statements do not show the external cost or the external benefits of the corporation. Some will argue that this is considered to be a manipulation and a breach of ethics, and that the businesses should, clarify, confess, be responsible and pay for the externalities they cause. But some others will argue that the externalities are so hard to be described as a number or figure, and thus cannot be shown in the financial statement as liabilities, and so it can not be described as a manipulation or a breach of ethics. One of the important and well known ethical theories that may describe the externalities in a better way could be the utilitarian ethical theory. The utilitarianism refers to the idea that the moral worth of any action, whatever this action is done by an individual or by an entity, the moral worth will be determined only by how the action’s consequences participates to the overall utility. Thus, the utilitarianism indicates a type of consequentialism, as the moral worth of the action then will be judged according to its results and its effects on people. The utility here is considered to be the overall pleasure and the absence of pain. The utilitarian ethical theory describes the different types of actions, any action is considered to be an ethical action- in other words to be morally right – if its moral worth is positive, meaning, the action’s outcomes contribute in developing the overall utility or the overall happiness or pleasure among people. However the action will be considered as an unethical action- or morally wrong- if its moral worth is negative and its consequences are decreasing the overall utility of people and cause them suffering or pain (Anon. , nd). If we put externalities in practice according to the utilitarian ethical theory, then both types of externalities, the positive and the negative, are to be considered as unethical actions. The negative externality affects the third parties by reducing their utility, in all our previous examples of negative externalities, environment and people end in suffering and pain. Talking about the positive externalities, they are as well considered unethical as the third parties are affected positively but without paying any cost for these benefits which in a way increase their utilities but on the account of others. Although this ethical theory was successful for a period of time, it was faced with lots of criticism which came up later. One of the important criticisms was that the utilitarian ethical theory described the positive and negative externalities as symmetric in nature, and those externalities will lead to non optimal outcomes which call for the necessity of government intervention. Mr. Murray Rothbard wrote in his book, Man, Economy, and State, a good criticism of the utilitarianism approach of externalities. He stated that the positive and the negative externalities are not symmetric from the ethical perspective of property rights. He says that the two externalities types are completely different in nature; he argued that the injustice in the case of the negative externalities is due to the failure of the authorities in protecting the property rights of every party involved. Opposite, in the case of the positive externalities, there is no violation of the property rights of the party who gives the external benefits but only when the authority tries to extend this benefits (Cleveland, 2002). Another ethical theory which can explain the externalities is the social responsibility theory. The corporate social responsibility term- which is divided into four parts, the legal, the discretionary, the economic responsibility, and finally what we are interested in, the ethical responsibility- refers to the obligations of the business to work and conduct the operations in ways which achieve its own interests and the interests of all its stakeholders. Thus, the business is to be considered as a socially responsible if it pays attention and make sure that its activities do not harm or affect negatively its stakeholders (Sandy Millar, Christopher Theunissen, 2008, P69) (Anon. 2008). When we look at externalities from this theory’s point of view, especially the negative type of externalities, any business which causes harm to the environment, people and society in total, should not be then considered as socially responsible business. This business often works on achieving its own interests and purpose of existence (making profit and satisfying the shareholders), but it fa ils in keeping its social responsibilities and obligations towards the rest of the stakeholders and thus lead to externalities. As mentioned, the most important interest and the main target for most corporations are to satisfy their shareholders needs, and that comes by making profit. This aim is the most argued that it is the reason for corporation to act unethically and not paying attention to the social responsibility and lead to unethical practices which cause the externalities. At the end the corporation is just a legal structure and its moral responsibilities comes from the moral responsibilities of the corporation’s shareholders, employees, and managers. If the managers are being unethical conducting unethical activities, and if the shareholders are being unethical by approving and giving the green light to the managers to go ahead in such unethical practices, then it at the end reflects on the overall corporation of being ethical or unethical, of being socially responsible or not (Anon. , 2008). This leads to another approach, which is the general ethics theory. Ethics is what examines and judge the human behavior; regarding what is right and what is wrong, regarding what is just and what is unjust, and regarding what is fair and what is unfair. To behave ethically is to behave in a manner which is right or moral. The behavior then is considered to be ethical if it is right and the vise versa. But what does determine if the behavior is right or wrong? What does determine if the behavior ethical or unethical? Generally, the society comes on the top of the list of what determines what is right or wrong, even if societies are sometimes different from one another in some of specific rules and determinations of the morally correct behavior, but at the end they all agree some general standards and principles which should be followed. When combining the two theories together, the social responsibility and the general ethics, we find that externalities happen due to many reasons. There is no one agreed moral code, and people, including top executives, have weak sense of good moral especially that nowadays people are mostly far from religion and their morals come often from their experience. This conflict of good behavior and gaining high profit is a good example, when choosing between being socially responsible or profit in the existence of weak sense of morals, the business represented in its official will chooses the profit. In multinational companies, externalities are more likely to happen as these companies operate in different countries; each has its own people and its own culture and moral codes which may conflict with each other. Individuals in such companies, when working with different groups with different values and moral codes, tend easily to break their own values, ethics, and behavior which they believe to be the right way, in order to fit, adapt to and be accepted by their group instead of standing up against the wrong behavior, their own interest to be recognized do beat their social responsibility which they are obliged towards the society. Suggested solutions for externalities: There are some solutions which came up to deal with the issue of externalities. Most of these solutions are faced by criticism due to various reasons. Social Conventions, Regulatory Limits, Mergers, and corrective taxes are considered to be the most important answers to deal with the externalities. The social conventions approach aims to deal with externalities through the social conventions and traditions. But it faced with a criticism that it forces people to take into account the externalities they cause, and that it may work with individuals but its effectiveness will not be useful with high cost externalities generated by multinational companies as instance. Merger, another solution for externalities, gathers all the parties involved in the externality to merge, but again it failed to solve all situations, it could solve the negative externalities between some firms by merging them together, but in a situation like a polluter company and the people around this company who are affected negatively by the pollution, how can the company and the people merge together? (Gibson, 1996). The regulatory limits approach is supposed to be the most common approach for dealing with externalities, simply it does not only suggest to impose regulatory limits for the externality amount generated by any party, but as well imposes a fine for any party generates externality which exceeds the regulatory limits. The corrective taxes approach aims to impose corrective taxes in order to push all parties to be socially responsible and limit the amount of externalities produced. If we take pollution as an example, then corrective taxes will be imposed on each unit of pollution equal to the same amount of damage affected the society. The two approaches, which in a way close in concept to each other, aim to force the externalities generators- including businesses- to absorb the cost incurred by them. Still, both approaches are faced with problems which weaken them. The regulatory limits approach has some difficulties especially when it comes to the determination and detection of the firms breaching the limits and by how much is the violation of the limits (Gibson, 1996). The corrective tax approach has lots of supporters who completely agree that externalities generators should pay the full cost for their faults, and by punishing some business, this will work as a red alert to the rest to pay more attention to business ethics and to behave in a better ethical and moral way. But still the ideas is facing lots of criticism, the opponents claim that when implementing such a tax system, the first result will be the price increase as the businesses will try to keep their profit margin stable, especially after the increase of their costs due to paying the corrective tax, this will eventually lead to a decrease in demand and thus economical problems. Also, the opponents argue that in some externality cases, such as pollution, it is difficult to determine the polluter and the amount of harm was caused (same like the regulatory limits). And even if the damage amount can be determined, it appears the biggest problem of externality which is the estimation of the externality effects. Positive or negative externality should be measured and translated into a value which will determine the corrective tax amount (Gibson, 1996). Some businesses, when faced with the problem of externality, and when they are accused by affecting negatively third parties, whatever it was environment, people or other businesses, they sometimes follow what is called the obstructive response, which indicates the lowest degree of social responsibility. According to this type of response, accused businesses tend to deny all the responsibility, and argue that any evidence that they generated an externality is misleading; they also do their best to delay investigations and the conformation of externality evidences, they did not only breach the ethical rule of â€Å"do not harm† by they as well breach the rule of â€Å"do not cheat†. Conclusion and recommendations: Externality with its two types, the positive and the negative, happens all the time in our normal daily life; it has several effects on all parties involved. Environmental harm is the most important and recognized consequence of the negative externality. Several ethical theories can be used to explain the ethical nature of externalities, the utilitarianism, the social responsibility, and the general ethics theories. Generally, externalities are considered to be a violation of ethics. Many reasons cause the externalities, but most importantly is the absence of ethics, and the good moral of people, which lead to absence of business ethics and morals as business at the end consists of groups of people. There are businesses which pay attention to the social responsibility and the good moral, these businesses try to meet their obligations towards their business environment, sometimes through setting up special committees or professional experts in order to discuss and solve their ethical problems. But most businesses are clearly tend to ignore their social responsibility and act mostly in the way which serves their own interests and deny any claim or evidences about the externalities and harm they may cause to their business environment. There are several possible approaches to deal with the problem of externalities, but each approach has its weaknesses. There is a strong support for persuading businesses to fully take the responsibility and pay for the externality’s cost incurred by them. The opponents of this opinion argue that this cannot be done as it is difficult to determine the amount of harm produced and as well difficult to translate it into a value. Some other opponents claim that businesses do offer to the society and the business environment more benefits than harm in the shape of better economy, employment, utilities and welfare. Top executives and managers and generally business officials should work and ethically apply the core concepts in ways which prevent the externalities and the harm which could be generated by their decisions. They also have to solve the problem of interests’ conflict and act in a way that balance and achieve both interest as much as possible. Business officials have to establish moral principles to determine an organizational core value to control and guide the organization’s practices and to set a moral climate within the organization. Any business that violates the ethics should then be suspended from continuing its operation for a period of time; at least till correction step is taken. People should return and relive the ethics and values, and they have to act and behave rationally. Governments must play stronger role to deal with the externality problem. Many approaches can be followed like a well define for property rights, Criminalization, Civil Tort law, and Government provision. References: Anonymous. , nd. Definition of Externality. (Online). Available at: About. om: Economics. http://economics. about. com/cs/economicsglossary/g/externality. htm. (Accessed 20 July 2009) Anonymous. , nd. Externality. (Online). Available at: Wikipedia, Answer. com. http://www. answers. com/topic/externality-1. (Accessed 22 July 2009) Anonymous. , 2007. Externality. (Online). Available at: Guardian. co. uk. http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2007/apr/11/businessglossary9. (Accessed 25 July 2009) Anonymous. , nd. Utilitarian ism. (Online). Available at: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Utilitarianism. (Accessed 28 July 2009) Anonymous. , 2008. Social Responsibility. (Online). Available at: OPPapers. http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Social-Responsibility/159386. (Accessed 1 august 2009) Cleveland. , A. , 2002. The Failure of Utilitarian Ethics in Political Economy. (Online). Available at: The Independent Institute. http://www. independent. org/publications/article. asp? id=1602. (Accessed 28 July 2009) Gibson. , H. , 1996. Externalities: Implications for allocative efficiency and suggested solutions. (Online). Available at: Hunterlink. http://www2. hunterlink. net. au/~ddhrg/econ/ext1. html. (Accessed 28 July 2009) Johannsen. , M. , nd. Five Core Business Concepts Causing Ethical Problems for Organizations. (Online). Available at: A Glossary of Political Economy. http://www. legacee. com/Info/Mindset/BusinessEthics. html. (Accessed 27 July 2009) Jonson. , P. , nd. Externality. (Online). Available at: A Glossary of Political Economy. http://www. auburn. edu/~johnspm/gloss/externality. (Accessed 20 July 2009) Kay Dee. , 2008. The Ethics of Externalities. Online). Available at: Engineering Ethics Blog. http://engineeringethicsblog. blogspot. com/2008/11/ethics-of-externalities. html. (Accessed 20 July 2009) MacDonald. , C. , 2007. Externalities and the Ethics of Small Matters. (Online). Available at: The Business Ethics Blog. http://www. businessethics. ca/blog/2007/03/samosa-ethics-externalities-and-ethics. html. (Accessed 20 July 2009) Shapiro. , D Khemani. , R. , 2003. Externality. (Onlin e). Available at: Glossary of Statistical Term. http://stats. oecd. org/glossary/detail. asp? ID=3215. How to cite Externalities in Business, Papers

The Hearth and the Salamander lays out the pro Essays (359 words)

" The Hearth and the Salamander " lays out the problem: Montag's world expunges the life of the mind and oppresses those who pursue intellectual activities or items. Critical examinations of the novel have located its dystopian character in this vulgar, repressive society, and some have commented on how it extrapolates social and political trends of the late 1940s and early 1950s, or how the science fiction genre responds to perceived threats to its own interest group. 2 Certainly the extrapolation of technological trends and the cultural tenor of the early 1950s is fairly clear. We can see almost immediately how the text articulates contemporary crises: about styles of academic thought and the politics of academic expression; about accepted views about the intellect's role in governing and using affect and the propriety of allowing individuals to exercise control over this by self-administered chemicals; and about the extent to which appropriating canonical texts (in the manner of pre-modern thought) hindered or helped the drive towards existential authenticity. What has not been explored, as far as I am aware, is the way that Bradbury characterises the repression of thought, of reading, and of oratory, as a repression of memory. Several episodes in " The Hearth and the Salamander " use the lexis or imagery of pre-modern memory texts to show how those "higher-order thinking skills" which the society seems most zealous to efface are those which draw most on memory. In order, these are Mildred's overdose; Clarisse's description of the school day; the altered history in The Firemen of America ; the burning of the old woman; the failure of Millie and Guy's autobiographical memory by forgetting how they met; and Captain Beatty's long apologia for the state of his world. Even a nodding acquaintance with pre-modern memory and intellectual culture, described in studies like those of Frances Yates and Mary Carruthers , will probably reveal other episodes. To examine all of these episodes is beyond the scope of this essay; I will explore Millie's overdose, Clarisse's description of schooling, and the burning of the old woman as evidence of the first part of the novel's argument about memory .